The Global Context for HRM (Blog 8)

Definition to Global HRM

In relation to HRM, globalisation is presented as a force that even if not yet leading to convergence in HR practice is certainly leading to a challenge to national mindsets (Sparrow and Hiltrop, 1997).

With the advent of globalisation, organisations - big or small have ceased to be local, they have become global. This has increased the workforce diversity and cultural sensitivities have emerged like never before. All this led to the development of Global Human Resource Management.

(Video 1: International HRM)

ManagementStudyGuide (2018), enumerate the objectives of global HRM as follows:

• Create a local appeal without compromising upon the global identity.
• Generating awareness of cross cultural sensitivities among managers globally and hiring of staff across geographic boundaries.
• Training upon cultures and sensitivities of the host country.

The Impact of Technology on Global HRM

Technical evolution is intimately connected with the development of service center models. Consequently, more and more service center activities can now be put online in order to develop the ethos of employee self-service or self-reliance. Operations behind the scenes to handle this service may be managed in-house or may be outsourced to firms that have the technological expertise to offer such services at low cost, but the ability to answer employee questions on behalf of the employing organisation (Ulrich, 2000).

(Figure 1: Impact of Information Technology on HRM)

Ghoshal and Gratton (2002) express four important integration activities that the corporate HR center can make a unique contribution as noted below,

• Operational integration through standardized technology. - e-enablement of HR on a global scale. Portals can provide a common front to employees and help integrate the HR function around common processes. This is a form of information-based integration within the HR function.

• Intellectual integration through the creation of a shared knowledge base. -  By focusing on creating, sharing and exchanging knowledge both within and beyond the HR community, corporate HR functions can ensure that the intellectual capital of the function is rapidly codified and shared across constituent HR functions.

• Social integration through the creation of collective bonds of performance. This is where the function develops a clear sense of what it wants to achieve and how it wants to achieve this goal. The shift within global HR towards working through global networks is an example of new patterns of social integration.

• Emotional integration through a sense of shared identity and meaning. This concerns the mobilization of hearts and minds behind change processes. Examine the need for international HR professionals to act as guardians of national culture as they negotiate a new balance between the application of global rule-sets to HR processes and the need for local responsiveness to cultural imperatives.

References

• Ghoshal, S. and Gratton, L. (2002) ‘Integrating the enterprise’, Sloan Management Review, Vol. 44 (1), pp. 31-38.

• ManagementStudyGuide (2018), [Online] Available at : https://www.managementstudyguide.com/global-hrm.htm  [Accessed on: 30th Sept 2018].

• Sparrow, P. R. and Hiltrop, J. M. (1997) ‘Redefining the field of European human resource management: A battle between national mindsets and forces of business transition’, Human Resource Management, Vol. 36 (2), pp. 1-19.

• Ulrich, D. (2000) ‘From eBusiness to her’, Human Resource Planning, Vol. 20(3), pp. 12–21.

• Figure 1: Nelson, (2005) Impact of Information Technology on HRM,  Thomson Canada Limited, [Online] Available at : http://hesed.info/blog/hrm-technologies.abp [Accessed on: 30 Sept 2018].

• Video 1: International HRM, [Online] Available at : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r1WzcxtEUps [Accessed on: 30 Sept 2018].

Employee Engagement (Blog 7)

Definition to Employee Engagement

It explains the engagement as ‘an individual’s purpose and focused energy, evident to others in the display of personal initiative, adaptability, effort and persistence directed towards organizational goals’ (Macey et al., 2009).

Kahn (1990) defines employee engagement as “the harnessing of organization members’ selves to their work roles; in engagement, people employ and express themselves physically, cognitively, and emotionally during role performances”.

Employee engagement simply explains as ‘passion for work’. However, the most critical finding is that it is the way in which people are managed that has the most significant impact on engagement levels (Truss et al., 2006).

Ways of achieving Employee Engagement

It has been argued that one of the main drivers of employee engagement is for employees to have the opportunity to feed their view upwards (Truss et al., 2006).

                                        (Figure 1: The potential role of mindsets in unleashing employee engagement)

Storey et al. (2008) have identified seven common factors as below,

1. Vision - The work unit has a clear sense of the future that engages hearts and minds and creates pride among employees.
2. Opportunity - The work on offer provides a chance to grow both personally and professionally, through participation in the work unit’s activities.
3. Incentive - The compensation package is fair and equitable, including base salary, bonus and other financial incentives.
4. Impact - The work itself makes a difference or creates meaning, particularly as it connects the employee with a customer who uses the employee’s work.
5. Community - The social environment includes being part of a team when appropriate and working with co-workers who care.
6. Communication - The flow of information is two-way, so employees are in the know about what is going on.
7. Experimentation - The work hour, dress, and other policies are flexible and designed to adapt to the needs of both the firm and the employee.

Stairs and Galpin (2010) claimed that high levels of engagement have been shown relate to:

• Lower absenteeism and higher employee retention;
• Increased employee effort and productivity;
• Improved quality and reduced error rates;
• Increased sales;
• Higher profitability, earnings per share and shareholder returns;
• Enhanced customer satisfaction and loyalty;
• Faster business growth;
• Higher likelihood of business success

References 

• Kahn, W. A. (1990) ‘Psychological Conditions of Personal Engagement and Disengagement at Work,’ Academy of Management Journal, vol. 33, pp. 692–724.

• Macey, W. H., Schneider, B., Barbera, K. M. and Young, S. A. (2009) 'Employee Engagement', Malden, MA, Wiley-Blackwell.

• Stairs, M. and Galpin, M. (2010) ‘Positive engagement: from employee engagement to workplace happiness’, in (eds) Linley, P. A.,  Harrington, S. and Garcea, N., The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology and Work, New York, Oxford University Press.

• Storey, J., Welbourne, T. M., Wright, P. and Ulrich, D. (2008) 'The Routledge Companion to Strategic Human Resource Management', John Storey, UK.  pp. 299-31. [Online] available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300917033_Employee_engagement [Accessed on: 15^th September 2018].

• Truss, C., Soane, E., Edwards, C., Wisdom, K., Croll, A. and Burnett, J. (2006) 'Working Life: Employee Attitudes and Engagement 2006'. London, CIPD.

   

• Figure 1:  The potential role of mindsets in unleashing employee engagement (2018) [Online] available at : https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1053482215000091 [Accessed on: 15^th September 2018].

Performance Management (Blog 6)

What is Performance Management…?

Performance management is a process by which managers and employees in work environment work together to plan, monitor and review objectives and overall contribution enabling perform the best of their abilities to the organization. According to Radnor and McGuire (2004), there has been a revolution in performance management and measurements over the past years. The concept of performance expressed by Brumbrach (1988) was ‘Performance means both behaviours and results. Behaviours emanate from the performer and transform performance from abstraction to action. Not just the instruments for results, behaviours are also outcomes in their own right – the product of mental and physical effort applied to tasks – and can be judged apart from results’.

Performance management is the continuous process of setting objectives, assessing progress and providing on-going coaching and feedback to ensure that employees are meeting their objectives and career goals.

Principles of Performance Management

           
            (Figure 1: Principles of Performance)

Brethower (1972) explains the principles that are helpful in the design and implementation of effective performance management systems as follows.

“…Through a Performance Improvement Analysis, one measures present performance, establishes standards, specifies why behavior is deficient, calculates the net economic value of improvement after the cost of solutions, and places them in priority order.

Being Specific, describe and communicate desired performances and the standards for judging them in terms that are measurable, observable and objective. For any performance shown by the analysis to have sufficient economic value to an organization, measure the frequency of the performance against the desired standards. Provide feedback on performance to the individual involved and to the individual's manager, supervisor, or group leader, rapidly-preferably immediately-with sufficient information to allow for self-correction. Deliver to each individual positive consequence immediately after completion of the performance of the desired behaviors and outputs...”

mba skool.com (2011) introduce Performance Appraisal Process as;

Performance Appraisal Process is defined as the series of steps which are undertaken in an organization (or Employer) to evaluate an employee on a set of pre-defined performance goals. Performance appraisal usually starts with goal setting which is initiated by the employee to set benchmarks or clear objectives on which he/she would like to contribute in the coming appraisal cycle. The performance goals can also be set by the employer in addition to the employee defined goals.

The image below summarizes the basic steps in the performance appraisal process:

(Figure 2: performance appraisal process)

OSCAR principles Performance Management as stated in Free management books (2003);

(Figure 3: OSCAR Principles of Performance Management)

As a manager there are certain things you can do within the appraisal process to help you maximize engagement and encourage your team to attain high levels of performance:

• Be Objective and fair in how you assess your staff at all times, regardless of your personal feelings.
• Set your staff SMART goals that will develop each person to their maximum potential.
• When observing your staff, assess them on the Competencies they display according to the responsibilities of their role.
• Assess individuals based on the role and tasks as outlined in their job description.
• When you Review an individual you should also assess their performance based on the role's contribution to the organization. It is vital that you check that the person has a clear understanding of how their input contributes to the organization's success.

References

• Brethower, D. (1972) ‘Behavior Analysis in Business and Industry: A Total Performance System’. Kalamazoo, MI: Behaviordelia Press.

• Brumbach, G. B. (1988) ‘Some ideas, issues and predictions about performance management’, Public Personnel Management, Winter, pp. 387–402.

• freemanagementbooks (2003), [Online] available at: http://www.free-management-ebooks.com/faqap/perfman-02.htm [Accessed on: 04 September 2018].

• mba skool.com (2011), [Online] available at: https://www.mbaskool.com/business-concepts/human-resources-hr-terms/17494-performance-appraisal-process.html [Accessed on: 04 September 2018].

• Radnor and McGuire, (2004) ‘Performance management in the public sector: fact or fiction?’ International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, Vol. 53 Iss: 3, pp. 245 – 260.

• Figure 1: Pformacademy (2013) Principles of Performance Management:, [Online] Available at: https://pformacademy.wordpress.com/2013/05/24/performance-management-and-kpis/ [Accessed on: 04 September 2018]. 

• Figure 2: mba skool.com (2011) [Online] available at: https://www.mbaskool.com/business-concepts/human-resources-hr-terms/17494-performance-appraisal-process.html [Accessed on: 04 September 2018].

• Figure 3: freemanagementbooks (2003) OSCAR Principles of Performance Management: , [Online] available at: http://www.free-management-ebooks.com/faqap/perfman-02.htm [Accessed on: 04 September 2018].

Job Design (Blog 5)

What is job designing?

Job design has been defined by Davis (1966) as ‘The specification of the contents, methods, and relationships of jobs in order to satisfy technological and organizational requirements as well as the social and personal requirements of the job holder’. Job design is in fact a combination of job content and the work method which has been adopted in the performance of the job (Durai, 2010). Job design has been one of the most effective tools used for optimizing an employee's performance. It can be defined as changing the content and processes of a job to increase an employee’s satisfaction, motivation and productivity (Knapp and Mujtaba, 2010). 

(Video 1: Job Design)

Robertson and Smith (1985) suggest the following five principles of job design:

• To influence skill variety, provide opportunities for people to do several tasks and combine tasks.

• To influence task identity, combine tasks and form natural work units.

• To influence task significance, form natural work units and inform people of the importance of their work.

• To influence autonomy, give people responsibility for determining their own working systems.

• To influence feedback, establish good relationships and open feedback channels.

Job Analysis, Job description and Job Specification as explained in Management Study Guide (2008), 

                                                                   

                                                                        

                                                                            (Figure 1: Analysis of job) 

As explained in Management Study Guide (2008), Job Analysis is a primary tool in collecting and recording two data sets including job description and job specification. Job description includes basic job-related data such as job title, job location, job summary, nature and objectives of a job, tasks and duties to be performed, working conditions, machines, tools and equipment to be used by a prospective worker involved in it.

Job specification is a written statement of educational qualifications, specific qualities, level of experience, physical, emotional, technical and communication skills required to perform a job, responsibilities involved in a job and other unusual sensory demands. Job description and job specification are two integral parts of job analysis. Both data sets are extremely relevant for creating a right fit between job and talent, evaluate performance and analyze training needs and measuring the worth of a particular job.

(Video 2: Job Analysis | How to Define Job Description and Job Specification)

Schuler (1996) explains Advantages and Disadvantages of Job design Approaches

Advantages,

• Ensures predictability and provides clarity.
• Can be efficient productive.
• Satisfies needs for responsibility, provides growth opportunities and knowledge.
• Reduces boredom and increases the morale.
• Lowers turnover
• Provides social interaction, support and variety

Disadvantages,

• May be boring and it may result in absenteeism and turnover
• Some people prefer routine predictability
• May need to pay more, since more skills needed
• Hard to enrich some jobs and may be costly to design some jobs
• Everyone don’t wants to rotate and interaction
• Requires training in interpersonal skills

References

• Davis, L. E. (1966) ‘The design of jobs’, Industrial Relations, p. 6.

• Durai, P. (2010) ‘Human Resource Management’, New Delhi: Pearson Education.

• Knapp, P. R. and Mujtaba, B. G. (2010) ‘Designing, Administering, and Utilizing an Employee Attitude Survey’, Journal of Behavioral Studies in Business, vol.2(1), pp. 1-14.

• MaNAGEMENT STUDY GUIDE (2008) ManagementStudyGuide.com, [Online] available at: https://www.managementstudyguide.com/job-description-specification.htm [Accessed on: 02 September 2018].

• Robertson, I. T. and Smith, M. (1985) ‘Motivation and Job Design’, Institute of Personnel Management, London.

• Schuler, R.S. and Jackson, S.E. (1996) ‘Human Resource Management’, Min/St. Paul : West Publishing, p. 166.

• Figure 1: MANAGEMENT STUDY GUIDE (2008) Analysis of Job: , ManagementStudyGuide.com, [Online] available at: https://www.managementstudyguide.com/job-description-specification.htm [Accessed on: 02 September 2018].

• Video 1: Job Design. [Online] Available at:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-XCrFQOL6KY [Accessed on: 02 September 2018].

• Video 2: Job Analysis | How to Define Job Description and Job Specification. [Online] Available at:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AVO8G7YxlZA [Accessed 02 September 2018].

Negotiation in Employee Relations (Blog 4)

Definition of Negotiation

Negotiation is a process between two or more different people or parties intended to reach an understanding, to produce an agreement to find a mutually acceptable solution and satisfy various interests of two people/parties involved in negotiation process. Negotiation is not about maximizing individual gain but about looking for “joint gain”( Menkel-Meadow, 2006). Both or all of the parties aim to win as much as they can from the other while giving away as little as possible (Armstrong, 2006). Lewicki and Hiam (2006) point out that there are four main concerns in any negotiation:

1. Being clear about your goals,
2. Being aware of emotional goals,
3. Recognizing the desired outcomes that are consistent with those goals,
4. Being attentive to the relationship with the other party.

Negotiation Process

skillsyouneed (2011) described stages in the process of negotiation. According to them In Preparation stage, it involves ensuring all the pertinent facts of the situation are known in order to clarify your own position. Undertaking preparation before discussing the disagreement will help to avoid further conflict and unnecessarily wasting time during the meeting. Sometimes it is helpful to take notes during the Discussion stage to record all points put forward in case there is need for further clarification. Through Clarification stage, it is often possible to identify or establish some common ground and goals and viewpoints of both side of the disagreement need to be clarified. Win-win outcome is usually the best result although this may not always be possible. Agreement can be achieved once understanding of both side’s viewpoints and interests has been considered. From the agreement, a Course of Action has to be implemented to carry through the decision. 

Figure 1: Negotiation process

(Source : ISM Dubai)

According to above processes in all steps of a negotiation, the involved parties bargain at a systematic way to decide how to allocate scarce resources and maintain each other’s interest.

Negotiating Skills

Figure 2 : Negotiation Skills
(Source : BusinessPhrases.Net)

Armstrong (2006) describe negotiation skills as,

• Analytical ability – the capacity to assess the key factors which will affect the negotiating stance and tactics of both sides, and to use this assessment to ensure that all the facts and argument that can be used to support the negotiator’s case;

• Empathy – the ability to put oneself in the other party’s shoes to understand not only what they are hoping to achieve but also why they have these expectations and the extent to which they are determined to fulfil them;

• Planning ability – to develop and implement negotiating strategies and tactics but to be prepared to be flexible about the tactics in the light of developments during negotiations;

• Interactive skills – the capacity to relate well with other people, to be persuasive without being domineering, to respond quickly to changing moods and reactions so that the opportunity can be seized to make progress towards consensus;

• Communicating skills – the ability to convey information and arguments clearly, positively and logically while also being prepared to listen to the other side and to respond appropriately.

References :

• Armstrong, M. (2006) ‘A Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice’, 10th edn., London, Kogan Page, pp. 796-804.

• Lewicki, R. J. and Hiam, A. (2006) 'Mastering business negotiation: a working guide to making deals and resolving conflict', Josey-Bass, San Francisco, CA.

• Menkel-Meadow, C. (2006) 'Why hasn’t the world gotten to yes? An appreciation and some reflections'. Negotiation Journal, 22(4): pp. 485–503.

• skillsyouneed (2011). SkillsYouNeed. [Online] Available at: https://www.skillsyouneed.com/ips/negotiation.html [Accessed on: 01 September 2018].

• Figure 1 : ISM Dubai [Online] Available at: http://ismdubai.com/blog/negotiation-skills/  [Accessed on: 01 September 2018].

• Figure 2 : BusinessPhrases.Net [Online] Available at: https://www.businessphrases.net/negotiation-skills/  [Accessed on: 01 September 2018].

Learning Organisation (Blog 3)

Introduction to Learning Organization

Dr Senge Peter who created the term, described a learning organization as one ‘where people continually expand their capacity to create the results they truly desire, where new and expansive patterns of thinking are nurtured, where collective aspiration is set free, and where people are continually learning how to learn together’. It is to focus on collective problem-solving within an organization using team ‘learning’ whereby all the possible causes of a problem are considered in order to define more clearly those which can be dealt with and those which are insoluble (Senge, 1990).

Garvin (1993) defines a learning organization as one which is ‘skilled at creating, acquiring, and transferring knowledge, and at modifying its behavior to reflect new knowledge and insights’. He believes that learning is an essential ingredient if organizations are to survive that management is responsible for creating an emotional climate in which all staff can learn continuously. Later, the concept of a learning organization, has been defined by Scarborough and Carter (2000) as one ‘that is able to discover what is effective by reframing its own experiences and learning from that process’

(Figure 1: Learning Organisation)

Principles of Learning Organization

Miller and Stewart (1999) propose the following key principles of the learning organization:

• Learning and business strategy are closely linked
• The organization consciously learns from business opportunities and threats
• Individuals, groups and the whole organization are not only learning but also learning how to learn
• Information systems and technology serve to support learning rather than control it;
• There are well-defined processes for defining, creating, capturing, sharing and acting on knowledge 

Creating and effectively leading a learning organization is at the heart of successful knowledge management in education. Dr Peter Senge (2006) describes five core disciplines or “component technologies” that are critical for building a learning organization:

(Figure 2: Five Disciplines)

1. Personal mastery - clarifying one's personal vision, focusing energy, and seeing reality.
2. Shared vision - transforming individual vision into a shared vision.
3. Mental models - unearthing internal pictures or models and understanding how they shape actions.
4. Team building/learning - suspending judgments and creating dialogue.
5. Systems thinking - fusing the four learning disciplines so the one sees the whole picture, rather than the parts

References

• Garvin, A. (1993) ‘Building a learning organization’, Harvard Business Review, July-August, pp. 78-91.

• Miller, R. and Stewart, J. (1999) ‘People Management’, Opened university, 5(12), pp. 42-46.

• Scarborough, H. and Carter, C. (2000) ‘Investigating Knowledge Management’, Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, London.

• Senge, P. (1990) ‘The fifth discipline: The art and practice of the learning organization’, The new paradigm in business: Emerging strategies for leadership and organizational change, Doubleday, London.

• Senge, P. (2006) ‘The fifth discipline: The art and practice of the learning organization’. New York, NY: Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc.

• Figure 1: Learning Organisation : [Online] Available at: https://www.healthcatalyst.com/enable-knowledge-management-in-healthcare [Accessed on: 25 August 2018]. 

• Figure 2: Figure 2: Five Disciplines : [Online] Available at: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/353462270738096421/ [Accessed on: 25 August 2018].

E - Recruitment (Blog 2)

Definition of E-Recruitment

E-Recruitment is a web based online recruitment methodology for the process of attracting, selecting and managing the recruitment in a company. Armstrong (2006) defined e-recruitment is an online recruitment uses web-based tools such as public internet site or its own intranet to recruit employees and the e-recruitment process is to attracting, screening and tracking applicants, selecting, and offering jobs or rejecting candidates.

E-Recruitment Process

The method of e-recruitment is getting more and more popular and companies develop their own websites and form corporation with online work boards. Top companies use social media and refer social accounts to analyze the behavior and skills of a candidate (Sharma, 2014). A research conducted by Neha Sharma (2014) on e-recruitment, there are range of e-recruitment options available to make recruitment process effective and the entire process is developing strategies to attract candidates and choosing the best candidates.

E-recruitment is the use of technology or the web based tools to assist the recruitment process whereby the online technology is used particularly websites as a means of assessing, interviewing, hiring personnel and  it is noticeable that E recruitment may include an element of job seekers seeking opportunities online (Dhamija, 2012). Furthermore Dharmaja says that, “Internet is a link between employers and job seekers which completely changed the role of the traditional way and revolutionized the complete recruiting process”. These major changes in the recruitment filed, besides having greatly improved the work methods, they have created new work tasks for the recruiter. Internet based employers provide cost effectiveness fewer but quality applicants than traditional recruiting employers and provides the access to passive job seeker and company image building ( Chapman and Webster, 2003).

Cappelli (2001) also stated that Internet had brought radical change to corporate recruiting and online recruiting leads to saving cost, wide open market, no geographical boundaries, speed up the process of tracking and has the potential to reach a larger audience. In his study on Internet recruiting, Cappelli examines different recruitment strategies where the e-recruiting process consists of three major steps: attracting, sorting, and contacting candidates.

Recruiting higher standard staff is fundamental to be a successful Organization and to maintain the position. By the use of internet, advertising for candidates has become cheaper while at the same time appealing to the wider audience and it course the e-recruitment become popular.

(Source: Institute for employment studies)

Advantages of E-Recruitment

• Reduced time - faster than traditional hiring methods and the recruiting cycle is speeded up at every stage from posting

• Reduced cost - Costs of posting jobs, searching for candidates, lower than the costs of using traditional search firms and advertising methods.

• Wide geographical coverage - the candidates can be hired from any part of the world

• Branding opportunity for employers - Employers can use their job ads to publish the company Image.

• Find correct candidate - Right people for the right job can be easily found through E-Recruitment, by matching the candidate’s CVs with the job profile

• Convenience - Employer can find the prospective candidates through their CVs attached online and similarly the candidates can search the employer through their job vacancy advertisement posted on the internet.

• Sophisticated management tools - job seekers similarly can track the progress of their application at every stage of the hiring process allowing both employers and job seekers to maintain their confidentiality.

Disadvantages of E-Recruitment

• Require being computer survey - As the search is based on various websites, their screening, keywords application demands for a computer survey person and company

• Legal consequences - recruitment sources should be aware of the words and meaning used in the advertisement.

• Non-serious applicants - the candidates are not checked thus whether they are serious is not known.

• Disclosure of information - Candidates profile and company details are available to public.

• Outdated job postings - Occasionally, human resource representatives fail to remove old postings for positions from the website that have been filled.

• Website malfunctions - Breakdown of company websites when attempting to submit documents. Some website layouts find difficult to navigate around the site. 

References:

• Armstrong, M. (2006) ‘A Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice’, 10th edn., London, Kogan Page, p. 420.

• Cappeli, P. (2001) ‘Making the most of online recruiting’, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 70(3), pp. 139-148.

• Chapman, S. and Webster, J. (2003) ‘The use of technologies in the recruiting, screening, and selection processes for job candidates’, International journal of selection and assessment, pp. 113-120.

• Dhamija, P. (2012) ‘E- recruitment: a Roadmap towards eHuman Resource Management’, Researchers World - International Refereed Journal of Arts Science & Commerce Research (RW-JASCR), pp. 33-39.

• Neha, S. (2014) ‘Recruitment Strategies: A power of E-Recruiting and Social Media’, International Journal of Core Engineering & Management, Vol. 1.